Pinpoints exactly where pressure is escaping (e.g., intake valve, exhaust valve, or head gasket) [2].

Check for fluid leaks (oil, coolant), smoke color (blue = oil, white = coolant, black = fuel), and specific noises (knocking, tapping, or hissing) [3].

The engine is removed and stripped to the bare block. All parts are "hot tanked" or ultrasonically cleaned [2]. Machining: Boring/Honing: Smoothing cylinder walls for new pistons.