: Refers to the third volume of the National Charter School Study.
: Often used as an abbreviation for Maryland in these national reports, where CREDO typically analyzes state-specific performance as part of the broader national study. credo-iii-2023-italiano-md-ts
: The "story" emphasized that these gains were particularly strong for Black and Hispanic students, as well as those living in poverty. : Refers to the third volume of the
: Unlike the 2009 study, which showed more mixed results, the 2023 data indicated that the charter sector has matured, with lower-performing schools closing and stronger ones expanding. : Unlike the 2009 study, which showed more
The "story" behind this identifier is the culmination of 15 years of tracking academic progress across the United States. Below is the breakdown of the "credo-iii-2023" narrative: The Research Milestone
For the full technical details or state-specific data (such as Maryland), you can find the primary research on the Hoover Institution's CREDO page .