: Fire is treated as an "accidental action," meaning we don't expect it to happen every day, so we allow for different safety margins than for normal wind or weight. The Evolution of the "Design Fire"
Known as , this document defines fire as an action . It doesn't tell you how to build a steel beam—it tells you how the fire will "attack" it. Thermal Actions : How hot the air gets.
Simple time-temperature curves like the or Hydrocarbon curve .
: These account for the size of the windows, the wall material, and how much fuel (desks, paper) is actually in the room.
: Using Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to "see" exactly how smoke and heat move.