The actual machine or process being controlled (e.g., a car's engine or a furnace).
Al-Jazari (12th century) is often credited with early examples of automated machines and water clocks. Otomatik Kontrol
While we often think of automation as modern, the roots go back centuries: The actual machine or process being controlled (e
Engineering students typically study this using complex math to ensure a system is "stable" (meaning it doesn't spiral out of control). Key tools include: Otomatik Kontrol