Objects like electrons and photons exhibit properties of both particles and waves. They are neither one nor the other exclusively, but a "quantum" entity that behaves differently depending on how it is measured.
Introduction to Modern Physics Modern physics is the study of the underlying principles that govern the universe at its most extreme scales—from the subatomic to the cosmological. Emerging at the dawn of the 20th century, it moved beyond the certainties of "Classical Physics" (Newtonian mechanics and Maxwell’s electromagnetism) to address phenomena that the old laws could not explain. 1. Quantum Mechanics: The Physics of the Very Small Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Modern Ph...
Matter is composed of quarks (which make up protons and neutrons) and leptons (such as electrons). Objects like electrons and photons exhibit properties of
Energy is not a continuous flow but comes in discrete "packets" or chunks called quanta . Emerging at the dawn of the 20th century,
Unlike the deterministic nature of classical physics, modern physics is built on . The state of a particle is described by a mathematical "wave-function." Until an observation is made, a particle exists in a superposition of multiple states at once.
These particles interact through four fundamental forces: Gravity , Electromagnetism , the Strong Nuclear Force (which holds nuclei together), and the Weak Nuclear Force (responsible for radioactive decay). 4. Wave-Function and Probability
