Stalin: Waiting For Hitler, 1929вђ“1941 -

Stalin’s primary goal in 1929 was to force a backward peasant economy into "socialist modernity". This was achieved through two brutal, simultaneous campaigns:

: Over 120 million peasants were forced into state-controlled collective farms. This triggered a catastrophic famine (1931–1933) that killed millions, particularly in Ukraine and Kazakhstan . Kotkin argues that while Stalin caused the famine, his goal was not ethnic extermination but the absolute control of resources. Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941

The Domestic Revolution: Collectivization and Industrialization Stalin’s primary goal in 1929 was to force

: Nearly a million people were executed, including the top military brass and cultural elite. Kotkin argues that while Stalin caused the famine,

Kotkin portrays the Great Terror not as a sign of madness, but as a calculated political tool. Stalin believed that in the event of an inevitable war, internal rivals—former comrades and military leaders—could become a "fifth column" for foreign enemies.